Charles E. Pierce, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

University of South Carolina

300 Main Street, C212

Columbia, SC 29208

(803) 777-3855 (office); (803) 407-3151 (home)

piercec@engr.sc.edu

 

 

Education

 


1998     Ph.D.      Civil Engineering, Northwestern University

1993     M.S.        Civil Engineering, Northwestern University

1991     B.S.         Civil Engineering, University of New Hampshire

 

 

Academic Experience

 


1998-present        Assistant Professor    University of South Carolina

1993-1998            Teaching Assistant     Northwestern University

1993-1998            Research Affiliate      Infrastructure Technology Institute, Northwestern University

1991-1998            Research Assistant     Northwestern University

 

 

Teaching Experience

 


ECIV 303            Civil Engineering Materials

ECIV 303L          Civil Engineering Materials Laboratory

ECIV 330            Introductory Geotechnical Engineering

ECIV 330L          Introductory Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory

ECIV 731            Advanced Slope Stability and Earth Structures

ECIV 736            Ground Improvement Techniques

ECIV 798            Civil and Environmental Engineering Seminar

 

Short Courses

Coarse Aggregate QC/QA Technician Certification for SCDOT, Level I: Basic Properties

Coarse Aggregate QC/QA Technician Certification for SCDOT, Level II: Laboratory Testing

 

 

Honors and Awards

 


ASEE Southeastern Section New Teacher Award Nominee (2001,2002)

U.S. Junior Faculty Representative, NSF-GeoInstitute GeoEng2000 International Research Workshop

Highlighted Researcher, USC Office of Research 2000 Annual Report (2001)

Highlighted Faculty Member in USC College of Engineering Interactive CD-ROM for HS Student Recruitment (1999)

Graduate Research Assistantship, Northwestern University (1992-1998)

Walter P. Murphy Graduate Fellowship, Northwestern University (1991-1992)

Undergraduate Research Assistantship, NSF-REU Program, Cornell University (1990)

 

 

 

Professional Membership

 


American Concrete Institute (ACI)

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE)

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE)

United States Universities Council on Geotechnical Engineering Research (USUCGER)

 

 

Professional Activity

 


Committee Membership

American Concrete Institute (ACI)

·         ACI 229: Controlled Low-Strength Materials

o        Secretary (2002 – present)

·         ACI 555: Recycled Materials in Concrete

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

·         D18: Soil and Rock

Transportation Research Board

·         University Representative (2001 – present)

 

Journal Paper Reviews

American Concrete Institute (ACI) MJ

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) JGGE and JMCE

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) GTJ

Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association

 

Proposal Reviews

National Science Foundation Panelist, Individual Investigator Award (2000, 2003)

National Science Foundation Expert External Reviewer, 1 Proposal Reviewed, Individual Investigator Award (2002)

University of New Hampshire Recycled Materials Research Center External Reviewer, 3 Proposals Reviewed (2003)

 

Conference Paper / Special Publication Paper Reviews

American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Conference Paper Reviewer (3 Papers) and Session Moderator (2001)

ACI 555 Special Technical Publication, 2 Papers Reviewed (2003)

ACI 229 Session Moderator, Spring 2002 Convention

 

Project Reviews

Expert Technical Group Member, Project 18: Fatigue Durability of Stabilized Recycled Aggregate Base Course Containing Fly Ash and Waste-Plastic Strip Reinforcement, University of New Hampshire Recycled Materials Research Center

 

Advisory Board Membership

Academic Advisory Board, Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Hampshire (2003 – present)

 

Certification

Engineer-in-Training (EIT), State of New Hampshire (1990)

 

Funded Research

 

Research Projects as Principal Investigator

 

Title:                             “Granular Waste Products in Geomaterials: Sustainable Universities Initiative”

Agency:                        USC Education Foundation and Kann Rasmussen Foundation

Amount:                        $10,000

Duration:                       6/1/99 - 5/31/00

 

Title:                             “Calibrating Pavement Performance Prediction Models for Interstate and Primary Highway Systems in South Carolina ”

Funding Agency:           South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)

Amount:                        $65,107

Duration:                       8/16/99 - 8/15/01

 

Title:                             “Real-Time Measurement of Shear Zone Development in Soil Models Using Time Domain Reflectometry”

Funding Agency:           National Science Foundation (NSF)

Amount:                        $399,802                                    

Duration:                       10/1/99 - 9/30/03

 

Title:                             “Investigation into Improvement of Bridge Approaches in South Carolina”

Funding Agency:           SCDOT and FHWA

Amount:                        $38,780

Duration:                       11/16/99 - 2/15/01

 

Title:                             “Alternatives to Construction and Demolition Waste Disposal”

Funding Agency:           Hazardous Waste Management Research Fund (HWMRF)

Amount:                        $9,857

Duration:                       5/1/01 - 10/31/01

 

Title:                             “Field and Laboratory Assessment of Flowable Fill Performance”

Funding Agency:           SCDOT and FHWA

Amount:                        $88,483

Duration:                       9/24/01 - 9/23/03

 

Title:                             “Development of Simple, Inexpensive and Reliable Tool for Determination of In-Situ Soil Water Content Profile”

Funding Agency:           USC Office of Research Seed Funds Program

Amount:                        $50,000

Duration:                       10/22/01 - 10/21/02

 

Title:                             “Exploratory Research: A Self-Cleaning Drainage Material”

Agency:                        USC Education Foundation and Kann Rasmussen Foundation

Amount:                        $10,000

Duration:                       5/1/03 - 4/30/04

 

Title:                             “A Rapid-Setting Controlled Low-Strength Material for Routine and Emergency Rehabilitation of Transportation Facilities”

Funding Agency:           South Carolina State University (SCSU) University Transportation Center

Amount:                        $38,657

Duration:                       6/1/03 - 8/31/04

 

Research Projects as Co-Principal Investigator

 

Title:                             “Acquisition of an Automated Triaxial Testing System for Education and Research” (PI: S.L. Gassman)

Funding Agency:           NSF

Amount:                        $20,000

Duration:                       5/1/99 - 4/30/00

 

Title:                             “Technology Transfer Programs for Aggregate and Concrete QC/QA Certification of Contractors and SCDOT Personnel, Phase I: Planning”

(PI: M.H. Chaudhry)

Funding Agency:           SCDOT and FHWA

Amount:                        $34,090

Duration:                       7/1/99 - 10/15/00

 

Title:                             “Feasibility of Including Structural Adequacy Index as an Indicator of Overall Pavement Quality in the SCDOT Pavement Management System ” (PI: R.L. Baus)

Funding Agency:           SCDOT and FHWA

Amount:                        $43,192

Duration:                       7/16/99 - 10/15/00                               

 

Title:                             “Aggregate and Concrete QC/QA Certification of Contractors and SCDOT Personnel, Phase II: Pilot and Implementation of Coarse Aggregate Program” (PI: M.H. Chaudhry)

Funding Agency:           SCDOT and FHWA

Amount:                        $117,567

Duration:                       3/9/00 - 3/8/01

 

Education Grants

 

Title:                             Attending the 2000 SUCCEED-GATEWAY Conference

Funding Agency:           USC College of Engineering and Information Technology

Amount:                        $1,000

Duration:                       March 2000

 

Title:                             TK Solver Academic Site License Grant

Funding Agency:           Universal Technical Systems, Inc.

Amount:                        $950

Duration:                       9/1/99 - 8/31/00

 

Title:                             Provost’s Teaching Development Grant: Attending the 106th ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition

Funding Agency:           USC Provost’s Office

Amount:                        $920

Duration:                       June 1999

 

 

 

Publications

 


Refereed Papers

 

Pierce, C.E. and Dowding, C.H. (2003) “Matching Strengths of Soil with Low Strength Cement-Bentonite Materials,” Construction and Building Materials, Elsevier Press (in review).

 

Fujiyasu, Y., Pierce, C.E., Fan, L. and Wong, C.P. (2003) “High Dielectric Insulation Coating for TDR Soil Moisture Sensor,” Water Resources Research, American Geophysical Union (in review).

 

Xu, Z., Fujiyasu Y. and Pierce, C.E. (2003) “Performance of Time Domain Reflectometers Installed on a Centrifuge,” International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering TC2 (accepted).

 

Tripathi, H., Pierce, C.E., Gassman, S.L. and Brown, T.W. (2003) “Methods for Field and Laboratory Measurement of Flowability and Setting Time of CLSM,” ASTM STP 1459, American Society for Testing and Materials International (accepted).

 

Pierce, C.E. and Dowding, C.H. (2003) “Evaluation of Soil-Grout-Cable Compliance For TDR Measurement of Localized Soil Deformation,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers (accepted).

 

Pierce, C.E., Tripathi, H. and Brown, T.W. (2003) “Cement Kiln Dust in Controlled Low-Strength Materials,” ACI Materials Journal, American Concrete Institute International (in press).

 

Pierce, C.E. and Blackwell, M.C. (2003) “Potential of Scrap Tire Rubber as Lightweight Aggregate in Flowable Fill,” Waste Management, Elsevier Press, v. 23, n. 3, pp. 197-208.

 

Pierce, C.E., Baus, R.L. and Wang, D.J. (2003) “Using Historical Pavement Condition Data to Calibrate South Carolina’s Performance Prediction Models,” TRB 82nd Annual Meeting CD-ROM, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., January, pp. 1-28.

 

Pierce, C.E. and Blackwell, M.C. (2003) “A Lightweight Flowable Fill Using Granulated Rubber Tires,” The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management, Widener University and University of Pennsylvania, v. 29, n. 1, pp. 31-41.

 

Pierce, C.E., Gassman, S.L. and Richards, T.M. (2002) “Long-Term Strength Development of Controlled Low-Strength Material,” ACI Materials Journal, American Concrete Institute International, v. 99, n. 2, pp. 157-164.

 

Fujiyasu, Y. and Pierce, C.E. (2002) “Development of TDR Sensors for Shear Zone Monitoring in Centrifuge Soil Models,” ICPMG2002: 1st International Conference on Physical Modeling in Geotechnics, St. John’s, Newfoundland, July, pp. 125-130.

 

Pierce, C.E., Fujiyasu, Y. and McAlister, C.M. (2002) “Measuring Non-Localized Soil Deformation Using Time Domain Reflectometry,” TRB 81st Annual Meeting CD-ROM, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., January, pp. 1-22.

 

Dowding, C.H., Cole, R.G. and Pierce, C.E. (2001) “Detection of Shearing in Soft Soils with Compliantly Grouted TDR Cables,” Keynote Paper, Proceedings of TDR 2001 – 2nd International Symposium and Workshop on Time Domain Reflectometry for Innovative Geotechnical Applications, Evanston, Illinois, September, pp. 38-51.

 

McAlister, C.M. and Pierce, C.E. (2001) “Calibration of Small Diameter TDR Cables for Measuring Displacement in Physical Soil Models,” Proceedings of TDR 2001 – 2nd International Symposium and Workshop on Time Domain Reflectometry for Innovative Geotechnical Applications, Evanston, Illinois, September, pp. 315-324.

 

Pierce, C.E., McAlister, C.M. and Adak, P. (2001) “Looping TDR Cables for Increased Sensitivity to Extension,” Proceedings of TDR 2001 – 2nd International Symposium and Workshop on Time Domain Reflectometry for Innovative Geotechnical Applications, Evanston, Illinois, September, pp. 352-360.

 

Gassman, S.L., Pierce, C.E. and Schroeder, A.J. (2001) “Effects of Prolonged Mixing and Retempering on Properties of Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM),” ACI Materials Journal, American Concrete Institute International, v. 98, n. 2, pp. 194-199.

 

Pierce, C.E. (2001) “Using Real Field Construction as a Platform for Teaching Introductory Geotechnical Engineering,” ASEE 2001 CD-ROM, American Society for Engineering Education, Albuquerque, New Mexico, June, pp. 1-7.

 

Pierce, C.E., Bilaine, C., Huang, F.C. and Dowding, C.H. (1994) "Effects of Multiple Crimps and Cable Length on Reflection Signatures from Long Cables," Proceedings of Symposium and Workshop on Time Domain Reflectometry in Environmental, Infrastructure, and Mining Applications, Special Publication SP 19‑94, U.S. Bureau of Mines, pp. 540‑554.

 

Dowding, C.H. and Pierce, C.E. (1994) “Measurement of Localized Failure Planes in Soil with Time Domain Reflectometry,” Proceedings of Symposium and Workshop on Time Domain Reflectometry in Environmental, Infrastructure, and Mining Applications, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Special Publication SP 19-94, pp. 569-578.

 

Dowding, C.H. and Pierce, C.E. (1994) “Use of Time Domain Reflectometry to Detect Bridge Scour and Monitor Pier Movement,” Proceedings of Symposium and Workshop on Time Domain Reflectometry in Environmental, Infrastructure, and Mining Applications, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Special Publication SP 19-94, pp. 579-587.

 

Non-Refereed Conference Papers

 

Pierce, C.E. and Blackwell, M.C. (2001) “Feasibility of Using Crumb Rubber as a Natural Aggregate Substitute in CLSM,” 14th International Symposium on Management & Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs), American Coal Ash Association, pp. 38:1-12.

 

Schroeder, A.J., Gassman, S.L. and Pierce, C.E. (2001) “Effects of Prolonged Agitation and Water Delay on the Fluid and Hardened State Properties of CLSM,” 14th International Symposium on Management & Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs), American Coal Ash Association, pp. 39:1-15.

 

Dowding, C.H. and Pierce, C.E. (1996) "Monitoring of Bridge Integrity and Performance with Time Domain Reflectometry," Proceedings, Conference on Non‑Destructive Testing of Structural Materials, California Department of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration, pp. 85-90.

 

Dowding, C.H., Nicholson, G.A., Taylor, P.A., Agoston, A. and Pierce, C.E. (1996) “Recent Advancements in TDR Monitoring of Ground Water Levels and Piezometric Pressures,” Proceedings of the 2nd North American Rock Mechanics Symposium, NARMS'96, Volume 2, pp 1375-1361.

 

Pierce, C.E. and Dowding, C.H. (1995) "Long‑term Monitoring of Bridge Pier Integrity with Time Domain Reflectometry Cables," Proceedings, Conference and Exposition of Sensors and Systems, Sensors Magazine, pp. 399‑406.

 

Dowding, C.H. and Pierce, C.E. (1995) "Measurement of Water Pressure and Deformation with Time Domain Reflectometry Cables," Proceedings, Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation of Aging Infrastructure, The International Society for Optical Engineering, SPIE Volume 2457, pp. 217-225.

 

Roth, B.L., O’Rourke, T.D., Dobry, R., and Pierce, C.E. (1991) “Lifeline Performance During the 1979 Imperial Valley Earthquake,” Proceedings of Third Japan-U.S. Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures for Soil Liquefaction, Technical Report NCEER-91-0001, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, SUNY-Buffalo, New York, pp. 191-207.

 

Technical Reports

 

Pierce, C.E., Baus, R.L. and Wang, D. “Calibrating Pavement Performance Prediction Models for Interstate and Primary Highway Systems in South Carolina,” Report No. GT02-01 (FHWA/SCDOT Report No. FHWA-SC-02-07), South Carolina Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration, June 2002.

 

Pierce, C.E., Loew, S.R. and Timmons, M.S. “Alternatives to Construction and Demolition Waste Disposal,” Task 2000-03 Final Report, Hazardous Waste Management Research Fund, June 2002.

 

Pierce, C.E., Baus, R.L., Harries, K.A. and Yang, W. “Investigation into Improvement of Bridge Approaches in South Carolina,” Report No. GT01-01 (FHWA/SCDOT Report No. FHWA-SC-01-02), South Carolina Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration, February 2001.

 

Baus, R.L., Pierce, C.E. and Hong, W. “Feasibility of Including Structural Adequacy Index as an Indicator of Overall Pavement Quality in the SCDOT Pavement Management System,” Report No. GT01-02 (FHWA/SCDOT Report No. FHWA-SC-01-03), South Carolina Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration, February 2001.

 

Pierce, C.E., Petrou, M.F. and Chaudhry, M.H. “Aggregate and Concrete QC/QA Certification of Contractors and SCDOT Personnel, Phase II: Pilot and Implementation of Coarse Aggregate Program,” Report No. GT01-03 (FHWA/SCDOT Report No. FHWA-SC-01-07), South Carolina Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration, August 2001.

 

Chaudhry, M.H., Harries, K.A., Pierce, C.E. and Petrou, M.F. “Technology Transfer Programs for Aggregate and Concrete QC/QA Certification of Contractors and SCDOT Personnel, Phase I: Planning,” Report No. GT00-01 (FHWA/SCDOT Report No. FHWA-SC-00-03), South Carolina Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration, 2000.

 

Instructional Manuals

 

Pierce, C.E., Petrou, M.F. and Zwanka, M.E. (2000) “Coarse Aggregate QC/QA Technician Certification, Level I: Basic Properties,” 2nd revision.

 

Pierce, C.E., Petrou, M.F. and Zwanka, M.E. (2000) “Coarse Aggregate QC/QA Technician Certification, Level II: Laboratory Testing,” 2nd revision.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Conference and Workshop Participation

 

Research and Education Conferences

 

 

Workshops and Educational Training

 

·         ARO Advanced Concept Workshop on Centrifuge Modeling, U.S. Army Engineering Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, January 2001

·         NSF-GeoInstitute International Research Workshop, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA, November 2000

·         University 101E Training Workshop, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, December 1998

·         U.S. Universities Council on Geotechnical Engineering Research (USUCGER) Workshop, Newport, RI, November 1998

·         Instructional Development Project on Faculty Training, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, August 1998

 

 

Technical Presentations

 


Field and Laboratory Measurement of Flowability and Setting Time of CLSM, Symposium on Innovations in Controlled Low-Strength Materials, American Society for Testing and Materials International, Denver, Colorado, June 2003.

 

Cement Kiln Dust as Full Cement Replacement in Controlled Low-Strength Materials, American Concrete Institute Spring 2003 Convention, Vancouver, British Columbia, CANADA, April 2003.

Using Historical Pavement Condition Data to Calibrate South Carolina’s Performance Prediction Models, Transportation Research Board, 82nd Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., January 2003.

 

Time Domain Reflectometry Applications to Bioreactor Landfills, 2nd Intercontinental Landfill Research Symposium, Asheville, North Carolina, October 2002.

 

Alternatives to Construction and Demolition Waste Disposal: Final Report, South Carolina Department of Defense, Pollution Prevention Alliance Meeting, North Charleston, South Carolina, September 2002.

 

Development of TDR Sensors for Shear Zone Monitoring in Centrifuge Soil Models, ICPMG2002: 1st International Conference on Physical Modeling in Geotechnics, St. John’s, Newfoundland, CANADA, July 2002 [delivered by Y. Fujiyasu, post-doctoral research associate].

 

Measuring Non-Localized Soil Deformation Using Time Domain Reflectometry, Transportation Research Board, 81st Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., January 2002.

 

Calibration of Small Diameter TDR Cables for Measuring Displacement in Physical Soil Models, TDR2001: 2nd International Symposium and Workshop on Time Domain Reflectometry for Innovative Geotechnical Applications, Evanston, Illinois, September 2001 [delivered by C. McAlister, MS student].

 

Looping TDR Cables for Increased Sensitivity to Extension, TDR2001: 2nd International Symposium and Workshop on Time Domain Reflectometry for Innovative Geotechnical Applications, Evanston, Illinois, September 2001.

 

Using Real Field Construction as a Platform for Teaching Introductory Geotechnical Engineering, American Society for Engineering Education, 2001 Annual Meeting, Albuquerque, New Mexico, June 2001.

 

Alternatives to Construction and Demolition Waste Disposal: Project Overview, South Carolina Department of Defense, Pollution Prevention Alliance Meeting, Columbia, South Carolina, April 2001.

 

Feasibility of Using Crumb Rubber as a Natural Aggregate Substitute in CLSM, 14th International Symposium on Management & Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs), San Antonio, Texas, January 2001.

 

Geotechnical Engineering Research at the University of South Carolina, NSF-GI GeoEng2000 International Research Workshop, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA, November 2000.

 

Long‑term Monitoring of Bridge Pier Integrity with Time Domain Reflectometry Cables, Conference and Exposition of Sensors and Systems, Boston, Massachusetts, May 1995.

 

Effects of Multiple Crimps and Cable Length on Reflection Signatures from Long Cables, Symposium and Workshop on Time Domain Reflectometry in Environmental, Infrastructure, and Mining Applications, Evanston, Illinois, September 1994.

 

 

Collaborators

 


R.L. Baus, L.H. Brakewood, M.H. Chaudhry, R.J.V. Flora, S.L. Gassman, K.A. Harries, J. Imran, V. Lakshmi (Geological Sciences), A.S. McAnally, M.E. Meadows, M.F. Petrou (University of South Carolina)

A.J. Graettinger (University of Alabama)

A.T. Cooper (Temple University, formerly University of South Carolina)

D. Laefer (North Carolina State University)

R.J. Fragaszy (National Science Foundation, formerly University of South Carolina and Montana State University)

L. Fan and C.P. Wong (Georgia Institute of Technology)

H. Abdelgader (Technical University of Gdansk, Poland)

Y. Fujiyasu (formerly University of South Carolina)

K.M. O’Connor (Geotechnical Consultants Inc., Westerville OH)

 

Graduate Advisors

Charles H. Dowding, Northwestern University (Ph.D. Dissertation)

Richard J. Finno, Northwestern University (M.S. Thesis)

 

 

Academic Advisement

 


Post-Doctoral Students

Yoshimasa Fujiyasu, Ph.D., University of Western Australia (Mar 2001-Apr 2003)

Hakim Abdelgader, Ph.D., Technical University of Gdansk (May 2003-present)

 

Doctoral Students

Zhenglai Xu (Ph.D. expected May 2004)

 

Masters Students

Mary Catherine Blackwell (M.S., May 2000)

Operations Engineer, South Carolina Division of FHWA, Columbia SC

Wu Yang (M.S., May 2001)

            Geotechnical Engineer, Wright Padgett Christopher, Savannah GA

Cary McAlister (M.S., May 2002)

            Geotechnical Engineer, GAGE Group, Columbia SC

Dajun Wang (M.S., August 2002)

            Geotechnical Engineer, Geotechnical Engineering and Testing, Houston TX

Pavan Kolukula (M.S. expected August 2003)

Himanshu Tripathi (M.S. expected August 2003)

Nathalia Rodriguez (M.S. expected December 2003)

Travis Brown (M.S. expected August 2004)

Rucker Williams (M.S. expected May 2005)

 

 

University and Community Service

 


University, College, and Department

 

Community

 

 

Consulting Experience

 

Whitaker Laboratories, Savannah, GA, Feb-Mar 2000.

Quail Valley Homeowners’ Association, Columbia, SC, Sep-Oct 1998.

·         Impact of construction vibrations on neighborhood homes.

C.H. Dowding, Winnetka, IL, Jun 1994-Dec 1996.

·         Evaluation of ground motions induced from nearby construction blasts, mining blasts, and geophysical exploration.

·         Analysis of particle time-histories using vibration analysis software to calculate peak particle velocities, dominant frequencies, relative displacements and relative accelerations.

·         Assessment of damage probability to homes and a rock pinnacle.

·         Analysis of weather data to determine climatological effects on crack development in homes.

Engineering Testing Services, Wheeling, IL, Jun 1993.

·         Direct shear testing of synthetic soil mixture.

Thorburn Associates, Glasgow, SCOTLAND, Nov-Dec 1992.